Mr Michael Kretschmer and Mr G?nter Krings at the press conference
On an Official blog website blogfraktion.de of the parliamentary group of the Christian Democratic Union / Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU) in the German Bundestag I recently stumbled upon a green paper concerning copyright in the digital society (Diskussionspapier der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion zum Urheberrecht in der digitalen Gesellschaft) presented by Deputy Party Whips Mr Michael Kretschmer and Mr G?nter Krings. While the main topic of this text, of course, is directed to copyright issues, we also can find a single paragraph devoted to so-called software patents or, more technically, patents on computer-implemented (respectively implementable) inventions as follows (I did some plain copy/paste operation and refrain from correcting spelling errors in the German original):
8. Urheberrecht statt Softwarepatenten
Computerprogramme werden richtigerweise durch das Urheberrecht gesch?tzt. ?Softwarepatente? auf Quell-Codes laufen dem urheberrechtlichen Schutzzweck zuwider. Der urheberrechtliche Schutz ist flexibler und innovationsf?rdernder, weil dazu kein aufwendiges und teures Patentierungsverfahren notwendig ist. Die Anwendbarkeit des Urhebervertragsrechts st?rkt au?erdem die Programmierer (Urheber) gegen?ber den Softwarefirmen (Verwertern).
Ein Richtlinienvorschlag der EU-Kommission, eine EU-einheitliche Patentierungspraxis f?r Software zu schaffen, ist 2002 gescheitert. Die CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion lehnt auch weiterhin jede Ausweitung der Patentierungspraxis im Softwarebereich ab.
I would like to offer my own translation as set out below:
8. Copyright instead of software patents
Computer programs are rightly protected by copyright. ?Software patents? on source code run contrary to the purpose of protection by copyright. Protection by copyright is more flexible and encourages innovation more because it does not require intricate and expensive patenting proceedings. Moreover, the applicability of the [German] law of contracts on copyrights strengthens the coders (creators) compared to software companies (exploiters).
A Draft proposal of the EU Commission for creating a unitary practice of patenting of software has failed in 2002. The parliamentary group of the CDU/CSU in the Bundestag maintain their rejection of any broadening of the practice of patenting in the field of software.
The first sentence of this statement asserting that computer programs are rightly protected by copyright is one of the few snippets of information from the text as quoted above which is by and large correct insofar historically the Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991 on the legal protection of computer programs had stipulated in its Article 1 that Member States shall protect computer programs, by copyright, as literary works within the meaning of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. However, the term ?rightly? (?richtigerweise? in German) might, at least for German ears, be construed like suggesting that software protection by copyright is the only (proper and legitimate) way to define software-related Intellectual Property. This is not true. Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Directive says (emphasis added):
The provisions of this Directive shall be without prejudice to any other legal provisions such as those concerning patent rights, trade-marks, unfair competition, trade secrets, protection of semi-conductor products or the law of contract. [...]
In the next sentence:??Software patents? on source code run contrary to the purpose of protection by copyright, a stark theory is proclaimed deepening this initial stub of mis-understanding the law by setting forth in more detail there is sort of a contradiction between copyright and patent law.?In fact, copyright law and patent law are mapped to different aspects of computer software, respectively:
- From a copyright-centred point of view, a computer program is seen as a text (source code).
- From a patent-centred point of view, a computer program is seen as an expression of functionality or of dynamic semantics described by operational and/or denotational semantics, i.e. it is viewed as an expression of run-time behaviour.
Copyright and patent rights can emerge from one and the same set of facts of a case. This phenomenon is not confined to copyright and patent law concerning software. Take, for example, a mud wing of a car:
- The aesthetic impression thereof might cause the emanation of design rights, whereas
- Certain aerodynamic properties thereof might form the basis for patent rights.
The run-time behaviour of a certain computer program cannot be deduced from its text (?code?) alone. The dynamic semantics of the text largely depends on the processor which is assigned to execute the program. In fact, text and behaviour are largely independent from each other:
- One and the same functionality can be expressed by different texts. For example, the texts of computer programs implementing the RSA asymmetric cryptography algorithm can look quite different when written in C++ or Java. Even when only a single programming language is used, many different texts representing RSA are conceivable.
- One and the same text can cause many different behaviours if run on different processors. For example, a program carefully written in C++ and implementing said RSA algorithm will perform RSA if run on a C++ processor, e.g. a general purpose computer equipped with a C++ compiler. If the same C++ text is run on another processor, say, on a general purpose computer equipped with a JAVA interpreter or with a PERL interpreter, other things will happen (usually an error message will be generated).
So, because the behaviour of a computer program is largely independent from its text, we can recognise that the code text of a computer program taken alone is always insufficient for discussions of a computer program behaviour in the context of patent law:
- It would be a rather silly idea to include the text of the code of some computer software into a patent claim. Doing so would not unambiguously determine a functional behaviour ? unless the matching processor is also specified in the claim language. However, this would be a strange practice. If a piece of software comprises an invention, the normal way of patenting the same would be to express the inventive functionality thereof in words and expressions of natural language. Of course, this natural language might be ? or should be ? an expert?s language, not that of laymen.
- When it comes to patent litigation after a patent has been granted, evidence might have to be taken that a certain piece of computer program code text sold by an alleged infringer in fact reproduces the functional behaviour as defined by the claim. This can be done only by watching the behaviour after having matched the captured computer program code text with the appropriate processor. In terms of proper application of technical concepts, no text taken as such can ever directliy, i.e. more than in a contributary manner, infringe a patent claim. Hence, dealing with the pure text of the code of a computer program (be it source code or binary code) should ? in terms of proper understanding of the underlying concepts ? never be considered to be be more than an act of contributory infringement because of for proper determination of the infringing functional behaviour the assignment of a matching processor is always necessary. However, no case law has come to be known up to now clarifying any positions with regard to these matters.
- Relying on copyright protection alone for software means giving away any inventions possibly embedded within the?functionality or of dynamic semantics of the software. Doing so might be compatible with certain business models but incompatible with others.
The present option of obtaining patents on novel and inventive inventions exhibiting sufficient sort of technological character and being?embedded within the?functionality or of dynamic semantics of software opens the choice to run businesses on a wider variety of business models.
Hence, software patents can?t?run contrary to the purpose of protection by copyright because of copyright law, on the one hand, and patent law, on the other hand, are tied to utterly different aspects of software. Copyright and patents are, hence, complementary or orthogonal to each other when discussed in the context of software.
But now the blog post under scrutiny goes even further by stating:?Protection by copyright is more flexible and encourages innovation more because it does not require intricate and expensive patenting proceedings. No reason is given supporting this thesis. Is there some general rule that everything that?does not require intricate and expensive proceedings is suited to be?more flexible and encourages innovation more? Start-Ups, SMEs, and large enterprises face a lot of red tape involving? intricate and expensive proceedings in many other fields of law. Might be an interesting challenge also for the CDU/CSU parliamentary group to discuss this matter in some wider context than only with regard to the patent system. Anyway, due to the orthogonality between patents and copyright there is no substitution between them.
The authors of the blog post do not stop here. They are attempting to surpass the previous mark by stating that the applicability of the [German] law of contracts on copyrights strengthens the coders (creators) compared to software companies (exploiters). Well, it appears as if they have not read the [German] Copyright law. Section 69b thereof reads:
(1) Wird ein Computerprogramm von einem Arbeitnehmer in Wahrnehmung seiner Aufgaben oder nach den Anweisungen seines Arbeitgebers geschaffen, so ist ausschlie?lich der Arbeitgeber zur Aus?bung aller verm?gensrechtlichen Befugnisse an dem Computerprogramm berechtigt, sofern nichts anderes vereinbart ist.
(2) Absatz 1 ist auf Dienstverh?ltnisse entsprechend anzuwenden.
An English translation of this section offered here reads as follows:
Article 69b Authors in Employment or Service
(1) Where a computer program is created by an employee in the execution of his duties or following the instructions given by his employer, the employer exclusively shall be entitled to exercise all the economic rights in the program, unless otherwise agreed.
(2) Paragraph (1) shall apply mutatis mutandis to service relationships.
This is quite different to the regulation concerning ordinary works of literature etc., not software, in Section 43 where stipulation is made that the rights remain with the author even if the author has created the work in execution of his duties under a contract of employment or service provided nothing to the contrary transpires from the terms or nature of the contract of employment or service. Hence, concerning computer software in contrast to other categories of works, I cannot see where there are benefits for the creators emerging from any?applicability of the [German] law of contracts on copyrights strengthening their position compared to that of software companies. Compare with patent law: There, the German Act on Employee?s Inventions gives hired personnel right to extra remuneration.
Now let us turn to the assertion saying a?Draft proposal of the EU Commission for creating a unitary practice of patenting of software has failed in 2002. ?The authors of the blog posting obviously refer to the?Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, which, however, ?was presented by the Commission in 2002 and folded only in 2005. But what on earth is meant with:?The parliamentary group of the CDU/CSU in the Bundestag maintain their rejection of any broadening of the practice of patenting in the field of software?
My interpretation thereof goes as follows: The Draft Directive identified above correctly addresses its objective as
This Directive addresses this situation by harmonising national patent laws with respect to thepatentability of computer-implemented inventions and by making the conditions of patentabilitymore transparent.
However, various NGOs fighting against patents on computer-implemented inventions aka software patents managed to frame the Draft Directive as an instrument not harmonising the patentability of computer-implemented inventions, starting from valid but varying political? national case law, but enabling it. Failing of the Draft Directive in 2006 means that there is no legal basis enabling patents on computer-implemented inventions. This framing, based on an invalid interpretation of Article 52 EPC, was (and is) utter nonsense: The meaning of the as such clause of para. 3 (emphasis added):
Paragraph 2 shall exclude the patentability of the subject-matter or activities referred to therein only to the extent to which a European patent application or European patent relates to such subject?matter or activities as such.
is by no means determined by ambitious NGOs but by competent Boards of Appeal of the EPO and by Courts in the EPC Member States deciding in cancellation matters. And, there cannot be any reasonable doubt, they have decided and continue to decide in countless cases that in principle patents on computer-implemented inventions can well be valid provided that some additional legal requirements concerning technicality are met.
Today, in 2012, we have to state that even a parliamentary group of a major party dominating the German Government gets taken in by some sort of illogical and invalid framing originally drafted six years earlier by political pressure groups eager to wreck the entire patent system.
By no means the review made here should preclude the CDU/CSU parliamentary group to take a critical view to the patent system as it stands today; ?if they think that patent law needs reform / is unsuitable for software / is evil in its entirety, then they might say so in an outright fashion. But the paragraph on software patents as presented in the context of the Green Paper on copyright is clearly substandard because of it is based on false assumptions and riddled with inconclusive derivations.
This is worrying and a pity.
(Photo: (C) 2012 by CDU/CSU Bundestagsfraktion via blogfraktion.de)
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